Lower Back Pain

The lumbar spine, or lower back, is a remarkably well-engineered structure of interconnecting bones, joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles all working together to provide support, strength, and flexibility. The low back supports the weight of the upper body and provides mobility for everyday motions such as bending and twisting. Muscles in the low back are responsible for flexing and rotating the hips while walking, as well as supporting the spinal column. Nerves in the low back supply sensation and power the muscles in the pelvis, legs, and feet. 

However, the complex structure of the lower back also leaves it susceptible to injury and pain. 

Most acute low back pain results from injury to the muscles, ligaments, joints, or discs. The body also reacts to injury by mobilizing an inflammatory healing response. While inflammation sounds minor, it can cause severe pain. There is a significant overlap of nerve supply to many of the discs, muscles, ligaments, and other spinal structures, and it can be difficult for the brain to accurately sense which is the cause of the pain. For example, a degenerated or torn lumbar disc can feel the same as a pulled muscle-both creating inflammation and painful muscle spasm in the same area. Muscles and ligaments heal rapidly, while a torn disc may or may not. The time course of pain helps determine the cause. 

Low back pain can incorporate a wide variety of symptoms. It can be mild and merely annoying or it can be severe and debilitating. Low back pain may start suddenly, or it could start slowly-possibly coming and going-and gradually gets worse over time. Depending on the underlying cause of the pain, symptoms can be experienced in a variety of ways. 

For example: * Pain that is dull or achy, contained to the low back * Stinging, burning pain that moves from the low back to the backs of the thighs, sometimes into the lower legs or feet; can include numbness or tingle (sciatica) * Muscle spasms and tightness in the low back, pelvis, and hips * Pain that worsens after prolonged sitting or standing * Difficulty standing up straight, walking, or going from standing to sitting 

In addition, symptoms of lower back pain are usually described by the type of onset and duration: 

* Acute pain. This type of pain typically comes on suddenly and lasts for a few days or weeks, and is considered a normal response of the body to injury or tissue damage. The pain gradually subsides as the body heals. 

* Subacute low back pain. Lasting between 6 weeks and 3 months, this type of pain is usually mechanical in nature (such as a muscle strain or joint pain) but is prolonged. At this point, a medical workup may be considered and is advisable if the pain is severe and limits one’s ability to participate in activities of daily living, sleeping, and working. 

* Chronic back pain. Usually defined as lower back pain 

that lasts over 3 months, this type of pain is usually severe, does not respond to initial treatments, and requires a thorough medical workup to determine the exact source of the pain. 

Types of Low Back Pain 

There are many ways to categorize low back pain – two common types include: 

* Mechanical pain. By far the most common cause of lower back pain, mechanical pain is pain primarily from the muscles, ligaments, joints (facet joints, sacroiliac joints), or bones in and around the spine. This type of pain tends to be localized to the lower back, buttocks, and sometimes the top of the legs. It is usually influenced by loading the spine and may feel different based on motion (forward/backward/twisting), activity, 

standing, sitting, or resting. 

* Radicular pain. This type of pain can occur if a spinal nerve root becomes impinged or inflamed. Radicular pain may follow a nerve root pattern or dermatome down into the buttock and/or leg. Its specific sensation is sharp, electric, burning-type pain and can be associated with numbness or weakness. It is typically felt on only one side of the body. There are many additional sources of pain, including claudication pain (from stenosis) myelopathic pain, neuropathic pain, 

deformity, tumors, infections, pain from inflammatory conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosis spondylitis, and pain that originates from another part of the body and presents in the lower back (such as kidney stones, or ulcerative colitis). It is also possible for low back pain to develop with no definitive cause. When this happens, the primary focus is on treating the symptoms (rather than the cause of the symptoms) and the patient’s overall health. For subacute and chronic lower back pain, a thorough diagnosis is important to lay the foundation for appropriate treatment and rehabilitation. Lower back pain treatment reduces the likelihood of recurrent back pain flare-ups and helps prevent the development of chronic lower back pain. 

Cure : 

The cure to lower pain depends on the cause underlying it. Most lower back pains are due to muscle or ligament tension. Light exercises and a balanced diet can contribute to a healthy lower back. Alternatively, taking natural herbal supplements with no side effects may strengthen the muscles and bones and prevent the tensions in the muscles posed by regular day-to-day activities. 

References: https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/lower-back pain/causes-lower-back-pain